Japanese Core CurriculumThe Model Core Curriculum for Medical Education is a systematically organized model that is formed by extracting the core parts of the curriculum that should be commonly addressed by all Japanese universities when formulating their own medical education curricula. The Model Core Curriculum forms the basis for two-thirds of a medical school's curriculum, with the remaining third set by the university. It was revised in the 2022 academic year as part of the standard six-year revision cycle, and the revisions reflect and respond to various changes to related systems, relevant new and amended laws, and changing social circumstances.
This page contains the official English translation of the original Japanese revision, produced by the Model Core Curriculum Expert Research Committee of the Japan Society for Medical Education, as part of a project commissioned by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).
Outcomes
The Model Core Curriculum presents 10 outcomes (the first layer) that medical students should acquire by the time they graduate, and details are shown in items from the second to fourth layers and related tables.
PRProfessionalism
Acknowledge the professional responsibility of physicians to be deeply involved in people’s lives and to protect health; respect diversity and humanity; and take an altruistic approach to medical practice throughout one’s career.
PR-01Trust
Act in a way that always considers what is necessary to earn the public’s trust.
PR-01-01Honesty and integrity
- PR-01-01-01Consider what is meant by acting with honesty and integrity toward patients and society, and behave accordingly (c.f. considering conflict of interest).
- PR-01-01-02Consider what behaviors are expected of a member of a professional body in order to be trusted by society, and act accordingly.
PR-01-02Reflection
- PR-01-02-01Appropriately recognize one’s own limitations and act accordingly.
- PR-01-02-02Accept feedback from others appropriately.
PR-02Compassion
Understand and treat others with dignity, courtesy, and compassion.
PR-02-01Compassion
- PR-02-01-01Treat others, including patients, with compassion.
- PR-02-01-02Consider the causes and context when one fails to treat others compassionately.
PR-02-02Understanding self and others
- PR-02-02-01Strive to understand others, recognizing the limits of one’s own imagination.
- PR-02-02-02Consider and be aware of one’s own prejudices and those held as a group that may act as obstacles to understanding others, and act accordingly.
PR-02-03Dignity and courtesy
- PR-02-03-01Consider what is meant by dignity and why it is expected of physicians, and strive to act accordingly.
- PR-02-03-02Behave with courtesy.
PR-03Self-cultivation
Acquire the well-rounded education that is required by physicians.
PR-03-01Self-cultivation
- PR-03-01-01Acquire an appropriately broad education that befits a physician’s deep involvement in people’s lives.
- PR-03-01-02Continue to contemplate questions that have no definitive answers.
PR-04Bioethics
Learn the importance of ethics in medicine and medical practice.
PR-04-01Medical ethics
- PR-04-01-01Understand an overview of ethical issues related to life and death.
- PR-04-01-02Respect patients’ rights, including their right to make decisions for themselves, and collaborate with multidisciplinary professionals and understand diverse values.
- PR-04-01-03Express one’s own opinions on ethical issues in medical practice, analyzing them using ethics-based concepts.
GEGeneralism
Take a multi-systemic view of the patient’s problems and consider the patient’s psychosocial background in order to provide comprehensive, flexible medical care that responds to the needs of the patient and is not limited to one’s own specialty, supporting the achievement of individual and societal well-being.
GE-01Holistic perspectives and approaches
Understand the problems faced by patients not only from a comprehensive, transdisciplinary perspective but also by taking psychosocial background into account; take responsibility for providing medical care with an attitude that extends beyond one’s area of clinical expertise; and engage in clinical practice that is based on best practice in decision-making and behavioral science.
GE-01-01Transdisciplinary care
- GE-01-01-01Understand medical issues from a comprehensive, transdisciplinary perspective.
- GE-01-01-02Understand the importance of involving appropriate medical institutions and departments.
- GE-01-01-03Use relevant core frameworks and heuristics (e.g., frequency, severity, urgency, anatomical approach, pathophysiological approach, dual process theory, prior probability) to perform clinical reasoning.
- GE-01-01-04Conduct medical interviews, physical examinations, and tests as necessary for the patient’s presenting complaint.
- GE-01-01-05Understand an overview of undiagnosed health problems and the appropriate methods of intervention.
- GE-01-01-06Understand an overview of interventions for multiple co-morbidities and for diseases that affect multiple organs.
- GE-01-01-07Understand an overview of polypharmacy and related interventions.
GE-01-02Comprehensive perspectives on biological, psychological, and social issues
- GE-01-02-01Understand comprehensive approaches to biopsychosocial problems.
- GE-01-02-02Understand approaches that take into account the impact on both the individual and family.
GE-01-03Patient-centered medicine
- GE-01-03-01Elicit individual patients’ medical expectations, explanatory models, and health perspectives.
- GE-01-03-02Understand the impact of the patient’s social background (e.g., economic and health system-related aspects) on their illness.
- GE-01-03-03Understand an overview of the effects of continuity of medical care (e.g., time, information, relationships).
GE-01-04Evidence-based medicine (EBM)
- GE-01-04-01List the five steps of EBM.
- GE-01-04-02Define the clinical question using the PICO (PECO) framework (patient/population/problem, intervention (exposure), comparison, and outcome).
- GE-01-04-03Search for evidence from secondary sources such as databases and clinical guidelines.
- GE-01-04-04Critically appraise the obtained evidence.
- GE-01-04-05Understand the different types of clinical practice guidelines, the strength of the recommendations made, and pitfalls in their use.
- GE-01-04-06Consider the application of evidence to patient care taking into account the patient’s unique values and circumstances.
GE-01-05Behavioral science
- GE-01-05-01Apply knowledge, theories, and interviewing methods related to behavioral science to diagnosis, treatment, care, and prevention.
- GE-01-05-02Recommend appropriate social support coordination and cognitive behavioral therapy as needed.
- GE-01-05-03Apply behavioral economics to health care.
GE-01-06Palliative care
- GE-01-06-01Assess holistic suffering (physical, psychosocial, and spiritual) through an understanding of the concept of palliative care.
- GE-01-06-02Understand an overview of pharmacological and non-pharmacological palliative measures for somatic symptoms in patients with and without cancer.
- GE-01-06-03Plan for the management of pain and distress in the acute care setting, with an understanding of the importance of communication with the patient and family members regarding end-of-life care.
- GE-01-06-04Plan for the management of chronic diseases and chronic pain by understanding their pathophysiology, course, and treatment strategies.
- GE-01-06-05Plan to support the patient and family members in a way that takes into account their suffering and concerns, including appropriate assistance toward balancing care and schooling, working, and parenting.
GE-02Community perspectives and approaches
Understand the current status of and issues relating to medical care, nursing care, health care, and welfare according to local contexts, and acquire the ability to contribute to the provision of primary care as the foundation of medical care and to improve the quality of the healthcare system.
GE-02-01Basic concepts in primary care
- GE-02-01-01Understand local and community health disparities and appropriately assess healthcare system issues such as barriers to accessing medical care.
- GE-02-01-02Understand the relevance of a patient’s geographic and cultural context to health.
GE-02-02Primary care in the community
- GE-02-02-01Understand an overview of the current distribution of health care and physicians (regional, departmental, and clinical/non-clinical) in terms of the local context (including urban, suburban, remote areas, and remote islands).
- GE-02-02-02Respond flexibly as a medical practitioner in a way that reflects the local medical system and the scale and function of its medical institutions.
- GE-02-02-03Use indices such as incidence and prevalence of each disease in the area where the patient resides, and apply these in clinical reasoning.
- GE-02-02-04Collect quantitative indicators (e.g., population composition) and qualitative information (geographical, historical, economic, and cultural contexts) for the community and explain local health issues.
- GE-02-02-05Understand an overview of the significance of community health promotion activities undertaken in collaboration with local residents and healthcare professionals.
GE-02-03Provision of primary care according to medical resources
- GE-02-03-01Propose medical care and services adapted to the local human and physical resources available.
- GE-02-03-02Understand an overview of medical care delivery systems and systems for nursing care, health care, and welfare in situations with limited medical resources, such as remote islands, remote areas, and areas with a shortage of physicians.
GE-02-04Primary care at home
- GE-02-04-01Understand the necessity for and challenges related to home care in terms of its current status and how it is adapted to meet patients’ needs.
- GE-02-04-02Understand an overview of the nature of home-based end-of-life care and its challenges.
GE-03Life perspectives and approaches
Engage in the psychosocial and medical issues that may occur among patients, their families, and people in general by understanding the life stages and growth, development, aging, and death processes that they go through over time.
GE-03-01Life processes
- GE-03-01-01Consider patient issues from the perspective of the life cycle (fetal, neonatal, infant, school-age, adolescent, young adult, mature adult, geriatric, and end-of-life stages).
- GE-03-01-02Consider health management and environmental and lifestyle improvements from the perspective of life stages and life events.
- GE-03-01-03Identify problems between patients and family members (abuse, neglect, etc.) from the perspective of the family life cycle, family member relationships, and family systems.
GE-03-02Childhood in general
- GE-03-02-01Understand physical and physiological development in childhood.
- GE-03-02-02Understand normal psychomotor development in childhood.
- GE-03-02-03Understand attachment formation, appropriate childcare methods, and nutrition in childhood.
- GE-03-02-04Understand nutritional characteristics in childhood, and nutritional education.
- GE-03-02-05Understand the relationship between the development of immune systems and infectious diseases in childhood.
- GE-03-02-06Understand the current status of and problems relating to the transition of medical care from childhood to adulthood.
GE-03-03Fetal, neonatal, and infant stages
- GE-03-03-01Understand physiological characteristics of fetal circulation and respiration and their changes at birth.
- GE-03-03-02Understand the physiological characteristics of neonates and infants.
GE-03-04School-age, adolescence, young adulthood, and adulthood
- GE-03-04-01Understand the mechanisms of puberty and secondary sexual characteristic development.
- GE-03-04-02Understand issues associated with school age and adolescence (such as those related to school, friends, etc.).
- GE-03-04-03Understand issues related to adolescence and young adulthood (such as those related to reproduction, sanctity of life, etc.)
- GE-03-04-04Understand issues related to adulthood (such as those related to mental health, work, exercise, infertility, etc.).
GE-03-05Geriatric stage
- GE-03-05-01Understand the changes in organs and bodily functions associated with aging, their mechanisms, and the physiological changes that accompany these changes.
- GE-03-05-02Perform a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA).
- GE-03-05-03Understand geriatric syndromes (gait disorders and falls, cognitive dysfunction, voiding disorders, nutritional disorders, feeding and swallowing disorders, etc.).
- GE-03-05-04Understand the concepts of frailty, sarcopenia, and locomotive syndrome, how to deal with them, and how to prevent them.
- GE-03-05-05Understand the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).
- GE-03-05-06Understand nutrition management for the elderly.
- GE-03-05-07Understand the nursing care and environmental adjustments required for activities of daily living.
GE-03-06End of life
- GE-03-06-01Understand the concept and definition of death and biological death.
- GE-03-06-02Show consideration for the views on life and death held by the patient and their family members, applying one’s knowledge of the physical and mental processes that lead to death.
- GE-03-06-03Understand end-of-life care.
- GE-03-06-04Understand the special characteristics of pediatric end-of-life care.
- GE-03-06-05Understand advanced care planning (ACP), compliance with advance directives, life-prolonging treatment, do-not-resuscitate instructions, death with dignity and euthanasia, and discontinuation and withholding of treatment.
- GE-03-06-06Understand grief care.
GE-04Social perspectives and approaches
Understand people’s health perspectives, words and actions, and interpersonal relationships that are generated in cultural and social contexts, and apply them to clinical practice from the perspective of cultural anthropology and sociology (primarily medical anthropology and medical sociology).
GE-04-01Health in medical, cultural, and social contexts
- GE-04-01-01Apply a comprehensive approach to health issues, using health-related knowledge, such as relevant definitions, healthy life expectancy, salutogenic theory, well-being, quality of life (QOL), social determinants of health (SDH), ICF, and universal health coverage (UHC), in building an understanding of the patient’s views on health and values regarding illness.
- GE-04-01-02Explain the process that a patient goes through to receive medical care from a layperson’s perspective.
- GE-04-01-03Evaluate an individual’s nutritional status on the basis of knowledge and statistical information on nutrition and energy metabolism, and plan appropriate dietary support that takes into account the lifestyle and values of the patient and family members.
- GE-04-01-04Assess an individual’s daily activity on the basis of knowledge and statistical information related to physical activity and sports medicine and science, and plan support for activities and exercise that takes into account the lifestyle and values of the patient and family members.
- GE-04-01-05Assess an individual’s rest and mental health on the basis of knowledge and statistical information, and plan support that takes into account the lifestyle and values of the patient and family members.
- GE-04-01-06Evaluate and plan personal support on the basis of knowledge and statistical information about the health effects of smoking and drinking alcohol, taking into account the lifestyle and values of the patient and family members.
- GE-04-01-07Understand an overview of SDH and health advocacy.
GE-04-02Social sciences
- GE-04-02-01Consider the meaning of a person’s words and actions in the context of the person’s life history and social relationships.
- GE-04-02-02Explain the relationship between patients and their families and their living environment, community, and medical institutions from the perspective of cultural anthropology and sociology (primarily medical anthropology and medical sociology).
- GE-04-02-03Explain various phenomena related to a patient’s judgment and behavior using theories and concepts in cultural anthropology and sociology (primarily medical anthropology and medical sociology).
LLLifelong Learning
Continuously reflect on one’s own practice and train collaboratively with other physicians and healthcare professionals, actively engaging in lifelong education and self-directed learning, in order to practice safe and high-quality medical care.
LL-01Lifelong learning
Form a system of values that fosters lifelong learning.
LL-01-01Lifelong learning in practice
- LL-01-01-01Access the best medical information currently available, recognizing that medical knowledge is being constantly updated.
- LL-01-01-02Reflect on one’s learning and experience, and identify one’s own developmental needs.
LL-01-02Career development
- LL-01-02-01Develop one’s career independently and proactively while cultivating one’s own professional values.
- LL-01-02-02Take care of one’s physical and mental health.
LL-02Education of medical professionals
Contribute to the education of all medical professionals, including not only physicians and medical students, but also other colleagues and healthcare professionals.
LL-02-01Medical education in practice
- LL-02-01-01Learn collaboratively with peers (including junior doctors and other colleagues).
- LL-02-01-02Provide appropriate feedback to peers (including junior doctors and other colleagues).
- LL-02-01-03Apply adult learning theory to educate peers (including junior doctors and other colleagues).
REResearch
Understand the importance of medical research for the advancement of medicine and medical care, and support innovation in medicine through involvement in academic and research activities, developing one’s scientific thinking skills.
RE-01Developing a research mindset
Realize the joy of satisfying one’s intellectual curiosity and the importance of originality.
RE-01-01Proactive attitude
- RE-01-01-01Question established theories.
- RE-01-01-02Be intellectually curious about everything.
RE-01-02Inquisitiveness
- RE-01-02-01Be inspired by cutting-edge research.
- RE-01-02-02Learn from senior researchers as role models.
RE-02Understanding established theories
Learn about the great achievements of predecessors and foster new ideas.
RE-02-01Medicine and healthcare
- RE-02-01-01Understand that the practice of medicine is based on research in basic medicine, clinical medicine, and social medicine.
RE-02-02Reading and understanding academic papers
- RE-02-02-01Read medical articles (in English) and gain an outline understanding of their content.
RE-03Conducting research
Experience and understand research methods in the natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences.
RE-03-01Research questions
- RE-03-01-01Propose research questions based on one’s own interests.
RE-03-02Research plan
- RE-03-02-01Draft an outline research plan.
RE-03-03Research methods
- RE-03-03-01Acquire knowledge of fundamental experimental techniques from practical training in basic medicine.
- RE-03-03-02Acquire knowledge of basic research methodology from practical training in social medicine (including behavioral science).
- RE-03-03-03Acquire the ability to apply medical research techniques through laboratory experience, etc.
RE-03-04Research results
- RE-03-04-01Record and manage research data appropriately.
RE-04Publishing research
Explain and discuss the significance and contents of research with others.
RE-04-01Research presentations
- RE-04-01-01Summarize one’s own research in the form of papers, reports, conference presentations, etc.
- RE-04-01-02Present research contents in an easy-to-understand manner that is appropriate for the particular audience or readership.
- RE-04-01-03Ask questions and express opinions in response to other researchers’ presentations.
RE-05Research ethics
Comply with laws and regulations, respect human rights, and behave in a manner that is correct and proper for a medical student.
RE-05-01Appropriate research conduct
- RE-05-01-01Explain the types of research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, etc., and refrain from committing research misconduct.
RE-05-02Protection of research subjects
- RE-05-02-01Understand and comply with important rules regarding research involving human subjects (including clinical trials for new drug/device application and specified clinical trials).
- RE-05-02-02Understand and comply with important rules regarding conflicts of interest and animal and genetic modification experiments.
PSProblem-Solving
Acquire knowledge and expertise in medicine and related disciplines, and use evidence-based medicine and professional experience to solve problems faced by patients.
PS-01Basic medical science
Understand biological systems from the molecular level, body composition and bodily functions from the cellular level, how the human body responds and reacts, and the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by disruption of these biological phenomena.
PS-01-01Science of biological phenomena
- PS-01-01-01Understand an overview of cell observation methods.
- PS-01-01-02Illustrate basic cell structure.
- PS-01-01-03Understand an overview of the structure and function of the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and other cytomembrane systems, mitochondria, chloroplast, and cytoskeleton.
- PS-01-01-04Understand an overview of the structure and function of cell membranes and cell–cell adhesion and binding patterns.
- PS-01-01-05Understand the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- PS-01-01-06Understand Mendelian laws, mitochondrial inheritance, epigenetic modification including imprinting, and multifactorial inheritance.
- PS-01-01-07Understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
- PS-01-01-08Understand the structure of chromosomes, the structure and relationship between genomes, chromosomes, and genes, and the behavior of chromosomes during somatic and meiotic divisions.
- PS-01-01-09Understand the expression and regulation of genetic information (central dogma), including DNA replication and repair, transcription from DNA to RNA, and translation leading to protein synthesis.
- PS-01-01-10Understand an overview of genomic analysis technologies including chromosome analysis and DNA sequencing.
- PS-01-01-11Understand an overview of genome editing technologies and their applications.
- PS-01-01-12Understand the basic concepts of evolution.
- PS-01-01-13Understand biological species and their phylogenetic relationships.
- PS-01-01-14Understand an overview of molecular phylogenetic trees on the basis of comparison of amino acid and nucleotide sequences.
PS-01-02Composition and function of the human body
- PS-01-02-01Understand the ionic composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids and the mechanisms of osmotic pressure and (resting) membrane potential formation.
- PS-01-02-02Understand ion channels, pumps, and active and passive transport processes of substances across the plasma membrane.
- PS-01-02-03Understand the mechanisms of action potential generation and conduction, synaptic (including neuromuscular junction) morphology, and function (both excitatory and inhibitory) and plasticity of synaptic transmission.
- PS-01-02-04Understand the types and functions of signal transduction.
- PS-01-02-05Understand the types, subcellular localization, and functions of receptors, and their intracellular signaling processes.
- PS-01-02-06Understand intracellular signal transduction by humoral factors (autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine).
- PS-01-02-07Understand an overview of cytoskeletal proteins and their functions, and cell motility by the actin filament system.
- PS-01-02-08Understand the processes of secretion and absorption across the plasma membrane, intracellular transport systems, and the role and function of microtubules.
- PS-01-02-09Understand axonal transport, axonal degeneration, and regeneration.
- PS-01-02-10Understand the structure and function of epithelial tissues and glands.
- PS-01-02-11Understand the cells and intercellular matrix (fibrous components and matrix) that make up connective tissues.
- PS-01-02-12Understand the microstructure and function of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
- PS-01-02-13Understand the microstructure of nerve tissue.
- PS-01-02-14Understand the structure and function of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
- PS-01-02-15Understand the mechanisms of tissue regeneration.
- PS-01-02-16Understand positional relationships in directional terms (superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, superficial/deep, cephalic/caudal, dorsal/ventral, proximal/distal, adduction/abduction).
- PS-01-02-17Understand the types and mechanisms of organoleptic responses to stimuli.
- PS-01-02-18Understand reflexes.
- PS-01-02-19Understand homeostasis and adaptation of the body, and the regulatory mechanisms for homeostasis (feedback regulation).
- PS-01-02-20Understand rhythmic changes in biological functions and the body’s internal environment.
- PS-01-02-21Understand the importance of the interaction between commensal/intestinal bacteria and the host in maintaining homeostasis.
- PS-01-02-22Understand an overview of the sequence of events from gametogenesis to birth, embryogenesis, and the process of intraembryonic body cavity formation.
- PS-01-02-23Understand the formation and differentiation of body segments, differentiation of gill arch and gill sac, and the formation process of the head and neck, and the face and oral cavity.
- PS-01-02-24Understand the formation process of the skeleton and muscles of the trunk and limbs, and the cardiovascular and urogenital systems.
- PS-01-02-25Understand the formation process of the digestive and respiratory systems.
- PS-01-02-26Understand neural tube differentiation and the formation process of the brain, spinal cord, visual organs, balance organs and autonomic nervous system, and skin.
- PS-01-02-27Understand the function and regulation of enzymes.
- PS-01-02-28Understand the structure, metabolism, and regulation of carbohydrates (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway) and their physiological significance.
- PS-01-02-29Understand protein structure, metabolism and regulation, physiological significance, metabolism of major amino acids, and the urea cycle.
- PS-01-02-30Understand the structure, metabolism and regulation, physiological significance, and transport of lipids (lipoproteins).
- PS-01-02-31Understand an overview of porphyrin and heme metabolism.
- PS-01-02-32Understand the synthesis, catabolism, and recycling pathways of nucleotides.
- PS-01-02-33Understand an overview of oxidative stress (free radicals, reactive oxygen species).
- PS-01-02-34Understand the types and actions of vitamins and trace elements.
- PS-01-02-35Understand the interconversion of nutrients and energy metabolism (including definition of energy, nutritional value in food, energy consumption, and estimated energy requirements).
- PS-01-02-36Understand the metabolism when fasting, starving, after eating, overeating, and exercising.
- PS-01-02-37Understand an overview of glycoconjugates and conjugated lipids.
PS-01-03Individual reactions
- PS-01-03-01Understand the differences in structure and function of bacteria as prokaryotes compared with eukaryotes.
- PS-01-03-02Understand the mechanisms by which bacteria cause diseases by classifying the routes of bacterial infection.
- PS-01-03-03Understand the mechanisms of action of protein toxins and non-protein toxins produced by bacteria.
- PS-01-03-04Describe the bacteriological characteristics, risk factors, routes of infection, and pathogenesis of the major gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, gram-negative cocci, and gram-negative rods, and list the diseases they cause.
- PS-01-03-05Explain the bacteriological characteristics, risk factors, routes of infection, and pathogenesis of acid-fast bacilli, and list the diseases they cause.
- PS-01-03-06List the microbiological characteristics of spirochete, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and chlamydia and the diseases they cause.
- PS-01-03-07Understand an overview of the bacteria that make up the microbiome and the functions of the microbiome in various parts of the body.
- PS-01-03-08Classify viruses according to the structure and properties of viral particles.
- PS-01-03-09Understand species specificity and tissue specificity of viral infections, their adsorption, invasion, replication, maturation, and release processes, and the changes that occur in virus-infected cells.
- PS-01-03-10Describe the characteristics, risk factors, routes of infection, and pathogenesis of the major DNA viruses, and list the names of diseases caused by these viruses.
- PS-01-03-11Describe the characteristics, risk factors, routes of infection, and pathogenesis of the major RNA viruses, and list the names of diseases caused by these viruses.
- PS-01-03-12Describe the microbiological characteristics, risk factors, routes of infection, and pathogenesis of fungi (zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and imperfect fungi) and list the diseases they cause.
- PS-01-03-13Understand the classification of parasites (protozoa and helminths), and the morphological characteristics, life cycle, risk factors, routes of infection and pathogenesis, infectious epidemiological significance, and characteristics of the biological defense of parasite-infected hosts.
- PS-01-03-14Understand an overview of the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents with respect to the characteristics of microorganisms.
- PS-01-03-15Understand the principles, types, and problems associated with vaccines against microbial infections.
- PS-01-03-16Understand the life cycle, risk factors, routes of infection and pathogenesis, and epidemiological significance of microorganisms that cause zoonotic diseases.
- PS-01-03-17Understand the life cycle, risk factors, transmission routes and pathogenesis, and epidemiological significance of microorganisms that cause vector-borne diseases.
- PS-01-03-18Understand the tissues and cells involved in the immune response.
- PS-01-03-19Understand how complement and innate immune cells are activated by pathogens and cause inflammation.
- PS-01-03-20Understand the basic structure and function of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules and the mechanism of T cell activation by antigen presentation.
- PS-01-03-21Understand the mechanisms of diversity acquisition based on the structure and reaction patterns of immunoglobulins and T cell antigen receptors, and the structure and genetic reconstitution of immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptor genes.
- PS-01-03-22Understand the respective biological defense reactions for which helper T cells (Th1 cells, Th2 cells, and Th17 cells), cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells are responsible.
- PS-01-03-23Understand the mechanism of antibody production by B cell activation and the role of antibodies.
- PS-01-03-24Understand the major cells that constitute the innate immune system and their activation mechanisms (TLRs, etc.).
- PS-01-03-25Understand the types and roles of antigen-presenting cells and the mechanisms of antigen presentation.
- PS-01-03-26Understand an overview of the characteristics of immune responses to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
- PS-01-03-27Understand an overview of primary and acquired immunodeficiency syndromes.
- PS-01-03-28Understand the maintenance mechanisms of immune tolerance and the development of autoimmune diseases as a result of their breakdown.
- PS-01-03-29Understand the mechanisms of allergic reactions.
- PS-01-03-30Understand the cellular mechanisms involved in cancer immunity.
- PS-01-03-31Understand the dose–response curve of drug/toxin reactivity for a living organism (or group of organisms).
- PS-01-03-32Understand the relationship between receptor binding and pharmacological effects of drugs and agonists/antagonists.
- PS-01-03-33Understand an overview of the adverse effects of drugs and drug–drug interactions.
PS-01-04Etiology and pathogenesis
- PS-01-04-01Understand the diversity of individuals based on genomic diversity.
- PS-01-04-02Understand single gene diseases, diseases caused by chromosomal aberrations, and diseases caused by mitochondrial gene mutations, including the mode of inheritance.
- PS-01-04-03Understand the relationship between genetic and environmental factors in multifactorial diseases.
- PS-01-04-04Understand an overview of the relationship between drug efficacy and safety, and genomic diversity.
- PS-01-04-05Understand the diversity, etiology, and significance of cell injury/degeneration and cell death, including the difference between necrosis and apoptosis.
- PS-01-04-06Understand the characteristics of cellular and tissue morphological changes in cell injury/degeneration and cell death.
- PS-01-04-07Understand the pathogenesis of disorders of glucose metabolism.
- PS-01-04-08Understand the pathogenesis of abnormal protein and amino acid metabolism.
- PS-01-04-09Understand the pathogenesis of abnormal lipid metabolism.
- PS-01-04-10Understand the pathogenesis of abnormal nucleic acid and nucleotide metabolism.
- PS-01-04-11Understand the pathogenesis of abnormal vitamin and trace element metabolism.
- PS-01-04-12Understand an overview of the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.
- PS-01-04-13Understand the differences between hemodynamic disorders (inhibition, hypoxemia, hyperemia, stasis, hemorrhage) and their respective etiologies and pathogeneses, and the types and pathogeneses of infarction (thrombus, embolus).
- PS-01-04-14Understand abnormal blood pressure (hypertension, hypotension).
- PS-01-04-15Understand the definition of inflammation.
- PS-01-04-16Understand the classification of inflammation, and its histomorphological and temporal changes (local and systemic).
- PS-01-04-17Understand the healing process of inflammatory tissues.
- PS-01-04-18Understand inflammation and its relationship with metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, neoplasm, and aging.
- PS-01-04-19Understand autonomous growth and the difference between benign and malignant tumors.
- PS-01-04-20Understand an overview of the various causes of cancer, including genetic changes.
- PS-01-04-21Understand the terms dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, advanced carcinoma, early-stage carcinoma, atypia, and polymorphism.
- PS-01-04-22Understand an overview of pathological diagnosis of cancer and its contribution to treatment.
- PS-01-04-23Understand an overview of the mechanisms of cancer metastasis.
- PS-01-04-24Understand an overview of the mechanisms of cancer elimination by the immune system.
PS-02Normal structure and function of the organs and systems of the human body, and the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases affecting them
Understand the structure and function of each organ of the body, and apply knowledge of etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major diseases in clinical settings.
PS-02-01General introduction
- PS-02-01-01Understand organ-specific and systemic diseases (Table1).
PS-02-02Hematologic, hematopoietic, and lymphatic systems (Table2-1)
- PS-02-02-01Understand the basic structure and function of the blood and hematopoietic and lymphatic systems.
- PS-02-02-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the blood and hematopoietic and lymphatic systems.
- PS-02-02-03Understand the basic examination methods of the blood and hematopoietic and lymphatic systems.
- PS-02-02-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the blood and hematopoietic and lymphatic systems.
- PS-02-02-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the blood and hematopoietic and lymphatic systems.
PS-02-03Nervous system (Table2-2)
- PS-02-03-01Understand the basic structure and function of the nervous system.
- PS-02-03-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the nervous system.
- PS-02-03-03Understand the basic examination methods of the nervous system.
- PS-02-03-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the nervous system.
- PS-02-03-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the nervous system.
PS-02-04Dermatological system (Table2-3)
- PS-02-04-01Understand the basic structure and function of the dermatological system.
- PS-02-04-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the dermatological system.
- PS-02-04-03Understand the basic examination methods of the dermatological system.
- PS-02-04-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the dermatological system.
- PS-02-04-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the dermatological system.
PS-02-05Musculoskeletal system (Table2-4)
- PS-02-05-01Understand the basic structure and function of the musculoskeletal system.
- PS-02-05-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
- PS-02-05-03Understand the basic examination methods of the musculoskeletal system.
- PS-02-05-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system.
- PS-02-05-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
PS-02-06Cardiovascular system (Table2-5)
- PS-02-06-01Understand the basic structure and function of the cardiovascular system.
- PS-02-06-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the cardiovascular system.
- PS-02-06-03Understand the basic examination methods of the cardiovascular system.
- PS-02-06-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the cardiovascular system.
- PS-02-06-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system.
PS-02-07Respiratory system (Table2-6)
- PS-02-07-01Understand the basic structure and function of the respiratory system.
- PS-02-07-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the respiratory system.
- PS-02-07-03Understand the basic examination methods of the respiratory system.
- PS-02-07-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the respiratory system.
- PS-02-07-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the respiratory system.
PS-02-08Digestive system (Table2-7)
- PS-02-08-01Understand the basic structure and function of the digestive system.
- PS-02-08-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the digestive system.
- PS-02-08-03Understand the basic examination methods of the digestive system.
- PS-02-08-04Understand specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the digestive system.
- PS-02-08-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the digestive system.
PS-02-09Renal and urinary system (including fluid and electrolyte balance) (Table2-8)
- PS-02-09-01Understand the basic structure and function of the renal and urinary system.
- PS-02-09-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the renal and urinary system.
- PS-02-09-03Understand the basic examination methods of the renal and urinary system.
- PS-02-09-04Understand the specific treatments methods of diseases affecting the renal and urinary system.
- PS-02-09-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the renal and urinary system.
PS-02-10Reproductive system (Table2-9)
- PS-02-10-01Understand the basic structure and function of the reproductive system.
- PS-02-10-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the reproductive system.
- PS-02-10-03Understand the basics examination methods of the reproductive system.
- PS-02-10-04Understand the specific treatment methods for diseases affecting the reproductive system.
- PS-02-10-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the reproductive system.
PS-02-11Pregnancy and delivery (Table2-10)
- PS-02-11-01Understand the basic structures and functions associated with pregnancy and delivery.
- PS-02-11-02Understand the symptoms associated with pregnancy and delivery.
- PS-02-11-03Understand the basic examination methods for pregnancy and delivery.
- PS-02-11-04Understand the specific treatment methods associated with pregnancy and delivery.
- PS-02-11-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases associated with pregnancy and delivery.
PS-02-12Pediatrics (Table2-11)
- PS-02-12-01Understand the symptoms seen in diseases affecting children.
- PS-02-12-02Understand the basic examination methods used in pediatrics.
- PS-02-12-03Understand the specific treatment methods used in pediatrics.
- PS-02-12-04Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric diseases and conditions.
PS-02-13Breast (Table2-12)
- PS-02-13-01Understand the basic structure and function of the breast.
- PS-02-13-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the breast.
- PS-02-13-03Understand the basic examination methods of the breast.
- PS-02-13-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the breast.
- PS-02-13-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the breast.
PS-02-14Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic systems (Table2-13)
- PS-02-14-01Understand the basic structure and function of the endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic systems.
- PS-02-14-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic systems.
- PS-02-14-03Understand the basic examination methods of the endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic systems.
- PS-02-14-04Understand the specific treatments of diseases affecting the endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic systems.
- PS-02-14-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic systems.
- PS-02-14-06Understand the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.
PS-02-15Ocular and visual system (Table2-14)
- PS-02-15-01Understand the basic structure and function of the ocular and visual system.
- PS-02-15-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the ocular and visual system.
- PS-02-15-03Understand the basic examination methods of the ocular and visual system.
- PS-02-15-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the ocular and visual system.
- PS-02-15-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the ocular and visual system.
PS-02-16Ear, nose, throat, and oral cavity (Table2-15)
- PS-02-16-01Understand the basic structure and function of the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavity.
- PS-02-16-02Understand the symptoms seen in diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavity.
- PS-02-16-03Understand the basic examination methods of the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavity.
- PS-02-16-04Understand the specific treatment methods of diseases affecting the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavity.
- PS-02-16-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavity.
PS-02-17Psychiatry (Table2-16)
- PS-02-17-01Understand the basic structure and function of the brain and mental system.
- PS-02-17-02Understand the symptoms seen in psychiatric disorders.
- PS-02-17-03Understand the basic examination methods used in psychiatry.
- PS-02-17-04Understand the specific treatment methods of psychiatric disorders.
- PS-02-17-05Understand the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, examination, diagnosis, and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
PS-03Multi-systemic physiological changes, and pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect the whole body
Understand multi-systemic and whole-body physiological changes, and apply knowledge of etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major diseases in clinical settings.
PS-03-01Genetic and genomic medicine
- PS-03-01-01Understand an overview of the Hardy–Weinberg law as a basis for population genetics.
- PS-03-01-02Create and evaluate a family tree.
- PS-03-01-03Understand the difference between germline and somatic mutations, and the purpose and significance of genetic testing.
- PS-03-01-04Understand the characteristics of genetic information (constancy, predictability, shareability, and ambiguity).
- PS-03-01-05Understand the significance and methods of genetic counseling.
- PS-03-01-06Understand ethical, legal, and social considerations in genetic medicine.
- PS-03-01-07Access information related to genetic medicine.
- PS-03-01-08Understand an overview of appropriate approaches including treatment and prevention based on genetic information for patients with genetic disorders and asymptomatic family members.
PS-03-02Immunology and allergy
- PS-03-02-01Understand the concepts of and differentiate between collagen diseases, vasculitis, rheumatic diseases, allergic diseases, and autoimmune diseases, and list the specific diseases included in each category (Table1).
- PS-03-02-02Understand the signs and symptoms of collagen diseases, vasculitis, rheumatic diseases, allergic diseases, and autoimmune diseases (Table2-17).
- PS-03-02-03Understand the principles of immunoserological testing and the clinical significance of test results (Table2-17).
- PS-03-02-04Understand the therapeutic agents used in collagen diseases, vasculitis, rheumatic diseases, allergic diseases, and autoimmune diseases (Table2-17).
- PS-03-02-05Explain the etiology, epidemiology, syndromes, major tests/diagnoses, treatments, and complications relating to collagen diseases, vasculitis, rheumatic diseases, allergic diseases, and autoimmune diseases (Table2-17).
PS-03-03Infectious diseases (Table2-18)
- PS-03-03-01Understand the causative microorganisms of common community-acquired infections.
- PS-03-03-02Understand the causative microorganisms of common healthcare-associated infections.
- PS-03-03-03Understand an overview of the common microorganisms that immunocompromised patients are susceptible to.
- PS-03-03-04Understand the current status of drug resistance, common drug-resistant organisms (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and preventive measures such as proper use of antimicrobial agents.
- PS-03-03-05Understand the relationships between and among the patient (host), the organ/site of infection, and the causative microorganisms.
- PS-03-03-06Understand the risk factors, routes of infection/entry sites, and pathophysiology of common community-acquired infections.
- PS-03-03-07Understand the risk factors, routes of infection/entry sites, and pathophysiology of common healthcare-associated infections.
- PS-03-03-08Understand the difference between sepsis and bloodstream infection, and their respective pathogeneses.
- PS-03-03-09Understand the routes of transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, and understand the required infection control measures.
- PS-03-03-10Understand and surmise the organs affected and microorganisms involved by taking a medical history and conducting appropriate physical examinations.
- PS-03-03-11Understand how to diagnose causative microorganisms on the basis of history-taking and physical examination.
- PS-03-03-12Understand standard laboratory tests (such as two sets of blood cultures, urinalysis/urine culture, and chest X-ray) for patients with fever.
- PS-03-03-13Understand the principles of antimicrobial therapy (culture specimens should be submitted prior to antimicrobial administration, standard drugs should be selected in accordance with the relevant microorganisms and organs, and the duration of administration should be set).
- PS-03-03-14Understand empirical antimicrobial therapy (presumptive therapy).
- PS-03-03-15Understand specific antimicrobial therapy (targeted therapy).
- PS-03-03-16Understand vaccine-preventable diseases (Table1).
- PS-03-03-17Understand occupational health (vaccination, needlestick injuries and body fluid exposure, tuberculosis exposure, etc.).
- PS-03-03-18Understand the pathogenic microorganisms for which standard precautions and isolation precautions (droplet, contact, airborne, etc.) are required, the personal protective equipment and vaccinations necessary to prevent healthcare workers being exposed to pathogenic microorganisms from patients, and infection control measures following healthcare workers being exposed to bodily fluids.
PS-03-04Cancers and neoplastic diseases
- PS-03-04-01Understand the definition of cancers and neoplastic diseases and their characteristics, along with genomic abnormalities and molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications.
- PS-03-04-02Understand the frequency at which the various types of cancer occur, both in Japan and internationally.
- PS-03-04-03Understand risk factors such as genetic predisposition, underlying diseases, infectious diseases, and environmental and lifestyle factors for the development of neoplastic diseases, as well as cancer prevention and screening.
- PS-03-04-04Understand an overview of cancer-specific tests and their findings, such as tumor markers, biomarkers, and cancer gene panel tests.
- PS-03-04-05Understand and diagnose abnormal findings in endoscopy and imaging tests (X-ray, CT, MRI, PET/nuclear medicine, ultrasound, etc.) for tumors.
- PS-03-04-06Understand an overview of biopsy, cytology, and pathological examinations of tumors and their findings.
- PS-03-04-07Understand an overview of TNM classification and the staging system of cancers.
- PS-03-04-08Understand the symptoms of patients with cancer (Table2-19).
- PS-03-04-09Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major hematopoietic cancers.
- PS-03-04-10Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major brain tumors.
- PS-03-04-11Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major skin cancers.
- PS-03-04-12Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major bone and soft tissue cancers.
- PS-03-04-13Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major thoracic (respiratory) cancers.
- PS-03-04-14Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major gastrointestinal cancers.
- PS-03-04-15Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major urologic cancers.
- PS-03-04-16Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major cancers of the reproductive system.
- PS-03-04-17Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major breast cancers.
- PS-03-04-18Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major endocrine system cancers.
- PS-03-04-19Understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of major head and neck cancers.
- PS-03-04-20Understand the major types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric cancers.
- PS-03-04-21Understand an overview of the types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers of unknown primary, and metastatic, overlapping, adolescent and young adult (AYA), and rare cancers.
- PS-03-04-22Understand an overview of cancers prone to oncological emergencies (spinal cord compression, tumor lysis syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, metabolic disorders, adverse treatment events, etc.) and their respective pathophysiologies, symptoms, and management.
- PS-03-04-23Understand an overview of surgical treatment of major tumors.
- PS-03-04-24Understand an overview of indications for radiation therapy and interventional radiology for major tumors.
- PS-03-04-25Understand an overview of indications for pharmacotherapy (cytotoxic anticancer agents, molecular targeted agents), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and cancer immunology for major tumors.
- PS-03-04-26Understand supportive and palliative care for patients with cancer.
- PS-03-04-27Understand the social and psychological challenges for patients with cancer.
PS-03-05Emergency medicine and intensive care (Table2-20)
- PS-03-05-01Understand an overview of the regional emergency medical care system through the concepts of the prehospital emergency medical care system, medical control, and primary, secondary, and tertiary emergency care.
- PS-03-05-02Understand the pathogeneses of and main diagnostic criteria for the following shock categories: (1) distributive shock (anaphylactic, septic, neurogenic); (2) hypovolemic shock (hemorrhagic, fluid loss); (3) cardiogenic shock (myocardial contractility, valve disease, arrhythmia); and (4) obstructive shock (cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax).
- PS-03-05-03Understand the initial management for patients with shock and specific treatment depending on the cause of the shock.
- PS-03-05-04Understand the pathogeneses of and main diagnostic criteria for the following causes of cardiac arrest: (1) cardiovascular (acute myocardial infarction, acute aortic dissection, ruptured aortic aneurysm, pulmonary embolism); (2) respiratory (airway obstruction, tension pneumothorax, hypoxemia due to parenchymal lesions); (3) neurogenic (severe head and spinal trauma, acute subarachnoid hemorrhage); (4) poisoning and environmental factors (poisoning, heat stroke, hypothermia); and (5) electrolyte and acid-base imbalance (hypo- and hyperkalemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia).
- PS-03-05-05Understand the initial management of cardiac arrest (cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support) and specific treatments depending on its causes.
- PS-03-05-06Surmise the substance responsible for poisoning the patient from their medical history and physical examination, on the basis of the toxidrome presented.
- PS-03-05-07Understand an overview of the indications and contraindications for the use of absorption inhibitors, elimination accelerators, and antagonists in the treatment of poisoned patients.
- PS-03-05-08Understand the etiology (pathogenesis), symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning associated with food, gas (carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, cyanide), pesticide (organophosphorus, organochlorine), alcohol, and drugs (sleeping pills, psychotropic drugs, antipyretic analgesics, narcotics, stimulants).
- PS-03-05-09Understand poisoning by mercury, lead, cyanide, arsenic, paraquat, natural poisons, corrosives (acids, alkalis, hydrogen fluoride), and accidental ingestion of button/coin batteries.
- PS-03-05-10Understand the symptoms, major examinations, diagnoses, and treatment of disorders caused by high temperatures (heat stroke) and low temperatures (hypothermia)
- PS-03-05-11Understand the symptoms, major examinations and diagnoses, and treatment of disorders caused by air pressure, vibration, and noise.
- PS-03-05-12Understand the pathogenesis of and main diagnostic criteria for trauma.
- PS-03-05-13Understand how to assess the severity of burns (presence/absence of airway burns, burn area and depth) and treatment strategies.
- PS-03-05-14Understand organ failure (multiple organ failure, cytokine storm, and disseminated intravascular coagulation).
- PS-03-05-15Understand intensive care and intensive care units.
- PS-03-05-16Understand the biological invasions and reactions that occur in invasive procedures (i.e., surgery, trauma, burns, etc.).
- PS-03-05-17Understand the conditions that require mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygen, assisted circulation, and acute blood purification therapy, and their significance.
- PS-03-05-18Understand temperature management (including therapeutic temperature management) and nutritional management for critically ill patients.
- PS-03-05-19Understand the concept of post-intensive care syndrome.
PS-03-06Biological effects and appropriate use of radiation, and radiation hazards
- PS-03-06-01Understand the types of radiation, radioactivity, and an overview of their properties, quantification methods, and units.
- PS-03-06-02Understand an overview of internal and external radiation exposure, dose management, and its pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
- PS-03-06-03Understand the effects (both acute and delayed) of radiation and electromagnetic waves on the human body (including the fetus), and how to use them appropriately.
- PS-03-06-04Understand the differences in radiation permeability and radiosensitivity of various normal tissues.
- PS-03-06-05Understand the characteristics of magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves used in MRI and understand adverse events such as heat generation in the human body and implanted metallic devices.
- PS-03-06-06Understand the three fundamental principles of radiological protection in medical and occupational exposure, and safety management, and implement dose reduction in examinations and therapies that use radiation (X-ray, CT, nuclear medicine, angiography, interventional radiology, fluoroscopy, etc.).
- PS-03-06-07Understand and determine the effects, costs, risks (e.g., radiation dose, acute and delayed effects), and indications of radiological examinations, including angiography and interventional radiology.
- PS-03-06-08Understand the biological principles of radiotherapy, effects of radiation on genes and cells, the mechanisms of radiation-induced cell death, and local and systemic effects.
ITInformation Technology
Recognize the impact of continuing technological developments on society, and make use of information science and technology, such as artificial intelligence, when engaging in medical research and clinical practice.
IT-01Ethics and rules for dealing with information science and technology
Understand ethical considerations, digital professionalism, and basic principles for using information science and technology in medical care, research, and other settings.
IT-01-01Preparation for dealing with information, science, and technology
- IT-01-01-01Understand the importance and social significance of using information science and technology in medicine.
- IT-01-01-02Understand an overview of the regulations, laws, and guidelines related to information science and technology in medicine.
- IT-01-01-03Discuss ethical issues, such as social disparities caused by the digital divide, that may arise in the use of information science and technology in medicine.
IT-01-02Ethics and rules for using information science and technology
- IT-01-02-01Understand the principles of medical data management and storage, including electronic medical records, and comply with relevant regulations, laws, ethical standards, and provisions for protecting personal information.
- IT-01-02-02Understand and practice appropriate use of social media as a healthcare professional.
IT-02Principles of information science and technology necessary for medical care and surrounding society
Understand the fundamental theories related to information science and technology necessary for safe and high-quality medical care and research, and acquire the attitude to adapt this knowledge to one’s own learning and medical care.
IT-02-01Medical care using information science and technology
- IT-02-01-01Use digital devices, such as PCs and smartphones, to make use of information science technology, such as the internet and apps, in medical practice.
- IT-02-01-02Solve problems using the information and data collected using information science and technology.
IT-02-02Knowledge of advanced information science and technology
- IT-02-02-01Understand information science and technology related to medical care (medical information systems, wearable devices, applications, artificial intelligence, telemedicine technology, and the Internet of Things [IoT]) and discuss their potential applications.
- IT-02-02-02Understand the role required of medical professionals when applying information science and technology to medical care by working together with relevant specialists.
IT-03Application of information science and technology in clinical practice
Acquire digital communication skills and practical skills in using digital tools that are effective in optimizing patient care and learning, including in telemedicine.
IT-03-01Communication skills using information science and technology
- IT-03-01-01Demonstrate effective documentation and use of features unique to electronic medical records.
- IT-03-01-02Understand the pros and cons of remote communications, and select and use appropriate tools (e-mail, video conference systems, and social media) according to the intended purpose.
IT-03-02Learning skills using information science and technology
- IT-03-02-01Use appropriate digital devices and applications (e-learning, mobile technology, etc.) for self-learning and cooperative learning.
- IT-03-02-02Develop flexibility in using new information science and technology in one’s own learning and medical practice.
CSClinical Skills
Practice medical care with an emphasis on quality and patient safety by giving full consideration to patients’ pain and anxiety, and by developing reliable and dependable clinical skills.
CS-01Gathering patient information
Gather information necessary for medical treatment via various sources, including from the patient, family members, and other medical professionals.
CS-01-01Medical interview
- CS-01-01-01Use basic communication skills in medical interviews.
- CS-01-01-02Establish the patient’s medical history (presenting complaint, history of present illness, medications, allergies, past medical history, family history, preferences, lifestyle, social and occupational history, living environment, home situation, travel history, and review of systems) via a medical interview, and select and organize the information obtained.
- CS-01-01-03Obtain necessary information from people close to the patient.
CS-01-02Physical findings
- CS-01-02-01Perform a medical examination according to the patient’s condition.
- CS-01-02-02Assess general appearance (body shape, nutrition, posture, gait, facial features, skin, and speech).
- CS-01-02-03Check vital signs (temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation).
- CS-01-02-04Examine the patient in appropriate positions (standing, sitting, Fowler’s, supine, and lithotomy position).
- CS-01-02-05Perform physical examinations for each part of the body (Table3).
- CS-01-02-06Perform necessary basic medical examinations for each medical specialty (Table4).
CS-02Integration, analysis, and assessment of patient information and planning treatment
Integrate all the information obtained, analyze it from various perspectives, assess the necessary medical care, and plan the medical care that should be provided.
CS-02-01Medical records
- CS-02-01-01Gather appropriate patient information and produce a problem-oriented medical record.
- CS-02-01-02Document the clinical course in terms of subjective findings, objective findings, assessment, and planning.
- CS-02-01-03Summarize the past medical history in the medical record.
CS-02-02Clinical reasoning
- CS-02-02-01Understand the causes and pathophysiology of major symptoms (Table5).
- CS-02-02-02Consider and discuss differential diagnosis of major symptoms (Table5) and explain the main diagnostic criteria.
- CS-02-02-03Demonstrate clinical reasoning and make diagnostic inferences on the basis of the presenting complaint in the basic medical departments/specialties (Table4).
- CS-02-02-04Understand the basic pathogenesis and epidemiology of diseases in the basic medical departments/specialties (Table4).
CS-02-03Medical examination (planning and analytical evaluation)
- CS-02-03-01Understand the purpose and significance of major clinical and imaging tests (Table6), select the minimum number of tests required to verify the diagnostic hypothesis, and interpret the results.
- CS-02-03-02Understand the correct methods of specimen collection and storage for major clinical and imaging tests (Table6).
- CS-02-03-03Understand how to perform major clinical and imaging tests (Table6) in a safe manner (patient and specimen verification, test complications, infection prevention, and accuracy control).
- CS-02-03-04Understand the characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, false positives, false negatives, pretest and posttest probability, likelihood ratio, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve) and criteria (reference value, reference range, cutoff value, panic value) of major clinical and imaging tests (Table6)
- CS-02-03-05Understand physiological variability, measurement error, accuracy control, and human error in major clinical and imaging tests (Table6).
- CS-02-03-06Understand patient-specific clinical characteristics and interpret results.
- CS-02-03-07Understand and interpret the purpose and indications for major clinical and imaging tests (Table6).
CS-02-04Treatment (planning and progress evaluation)
- CS-02-04-01Plan initial response to major symptoms (Table5) and consider whether specialist medical care is required.
- CS-02-04-02Understand the basics of taking medication and adherence.
- CS-02-04-03Draft prescriptions.
- CS-02-04-04Understand the pharmacological effects of medications, and their indications, adverse events, and precautions to be taken when administering them.
- CS-02-04-05Understand the key points of drug administration with regard to pharmacokinetic characteristics related to age and organ failure.
- CS-02-04-06Understand pharmacokinetic interactions.
- CS-02-04-07Understand contraindications and the use of drugs under specific conditions (e.g., anti-doping).
- CS-02-04-08Understand the major drug allergy symptoms, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and management.
- CS-02-04-09Understand drug accumulation, tolerance, tachyphylaxis, and dependence.
- CS-02-04-10Understand the indications, adverse events, and precautions for the administration of anticancer agents.
- CS-02-04-11Understand the pharmacological actions, indications, adverse events, and dosing precautions for antimicrobial agents.
- CS-02-04-12Understand the indications, adverse events, and administration precautions for opioid analgesics and sedatives.
- CS-02-04-13Understand an overview of the pharmacological actions and adverse events of molecular targeted drugs and biopharmaceuticals.
- CS-02-04-14Understand an overview of the characteristics of Chinese medicine, indications of major Japanese and Chinese herbal medicines (Kampo medicine), and their pharmacological actions.
- CS-02-04-15Understand an overview of indications for radiotherapy.
- CS-02-04-16Understand an overview of interventional radiology.
- CS-02-04-17Understand an overview of the indications for treatments using endoscopy.
- CS-02-04-18Understand an overview of the indications for treatments using ultrasound.
- CS-02-04-19Understand the types, indications, and effects of medical coatings.
- CS-02-04-20Understand the indications and complications of surgical procedures.
- CS-02-04-21Understand the risk factors of surgery and basic principles of risk management.
- CS-02-04-22Understand the major postoperative complications and the basic principles of prevention.
- CS-02-04-23Understand the importance of informed consent for surgery and invasive procedures.
- CS-02-04-24Understand preoperative risk assessment.
- CS-02-04-25Understand perioperative medication management and risk.
- CS-02-04-26Understand perioperative fluid and blood transfusions.
- CS-02-04-27Understand perioperative pain management.
- CS-02-04-28Understand an overview of the indications, contraindications, and complications of local anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, plexus block, spinal anesthesia, and epidural anesthesia.
- CS-02-04-29Understand an overview of preoperative assessment for safe management of anesthesia.
- CS-02-04-30Understand an overview of patient monitoring during anesthesia, and major abnormal findings and how to manage them.
- CS-02-04-31Understand the various types of anesthetics and muscle relaxants, and the principles of their use.
- CS-02-04-32Understand the indications, contraindications, methods, accidents, and complications of inhalation and intravenous anesthesia.
- CS-02-04-33Understand airway management techniques, including tracheal intubation.
- CS-02-04-34Understand nutritional assessment, care, and management, the role of nutrition support teams, and nutritional therapies for specific diseases.
- CS-02-04-35Understand the indications, methods, and complications of parenteral and enteral nutrition, and precautions for long-term administration.
- CS-02-04-36Understand an overview of the major types of medical devices and their principles of operation.
- CS-02-04-37Understand an overview of the major types and principles of artificial organs.
- CS-02-04-38Understand the types and indications of blood products and fractionated plasma products.
- CS-02-04-39Understand adverse reactions to blood transfusions, transfusion record-keeping requirements, and procedures to prevent incompatible blood transfusions.
- CS-02-04-40Understand appropriate use of blood transfusion, component transfusion, autologous transfusion, and emergency transfusion.
- CS-02-04-41Understand an overview of transplantation medicine (organ transplantation, tissue transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, etc.) and how it is practiced both in Japan and overseas.
- CS-02-04-42Understand an overview of the principles of discussing organ and tissue donation options in end-of-life care.
- CS-02-04-43Understand immune response in transplantation (rejection, graft-versus-host disease).
- CS-02-04-44Understand an overview of immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation.
- CS-02-04-45Understand the concept and indications for rehabilitation.
- CS-02-04-46Assess functional impairment and activities of daily living.
- CS-02-04-47Understand an overview of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language-hearing therapy.
- CS-02-04-48Understand an overview of the major walking aids, wheelchairs, prostheses (artificial limbs and feet), and orthotics.
- CS-02-04-49Develop a basic treatment plan for medical conditions in the basic medical departments/specialties (Table4).
CS-02-05Educational plan
- CS-02-05-01Formulate plans for patient education in major diseases.
CS-03Implementation of appropriate patient care, including treatment
Propose or provide necessary medical care in collaboration with the patient, family members, and other medical professionals, on the basis of an assessment of the patient’s condition.
CS-03-01Investigation techniques
- CS-03-01-01Perform basic clinical procedures related to investigation (Table7).
CS-03-02Treatment techniques
- CS-03-02-01Perform basic clinical procedures related to treatment (Table7).
CS-03-03Emergency and initial response
- CS-03-03-01Recognize patients who are in a critical condition on the basis of vital and physical signs.
- CS-03-03-02Perform basic life support.
- CS-03-03-03Assist in performing initial response (including advanced life support) for common critical conditions.
- CS-03-03-04Assist in the initial response to trauma.
- CS-03-03-05Assist in the response to anaphylactic shock.
CS-03-04Documentation
- CS-03-04-01Draft various types of medical certificates and patient referral documents.
- CS-03-04-02Draft various certificates of postmortem examination.
CS-03-05Collaboration for patient care
- CS-03-05-01Understand how to consult with other basic medical departments/specialties (Table4).
- CS-03-05-02Understand the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of pressure ulcers.
CS-03-06Clinical conferences
- CS-03-06-01Present appropriately at clinical conferences and case review meetings.
- CS-03-06-02Report information obtained from medical consultations and examinations to senior physicians in a clear and concise manner.
CS-04Review and improvement of medical care processes
Reflect on the medical care performed, verbalize and present it, and make efforts to improve it for the future.
CS-04-01Reflection conferences
- CS-04-01-01Participate in morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences and express one’s own opinions.
- CS-04-01-02Participate in clinico-pathological conferences (CPC) and express one’s own opinions.
CS-05Quality of care and patient safety
Reflect on one’s own actions from the perspective of quality of medical care and patient safety, and acquire an outlook focused on organizational improvement and patient-centered care.
CS-05-01Quality improvement of medical care
- CS-05-01-01Understand the importance of improving medical care using quality improvement methods, and acquire a focus on continuous evaluation and improvement.
CS-05-02Health management of medical professionals
- CS-05-02-01Practice the health management (lifestyle improvements, vaccination, measures to reduce radiation exposure) and occupational infection control (tuberculosis screening, vaccination) measures expected of medical professionals.
- CS-05-02-02Understand the need to improve the working environment for all healthcare professionals, including oneself, and strive to make such improvements.
CS-05-03Safety management system
- CS-05-03-01Understand an overview of the management system for patient safety and the roles within the system (risk manager, patient safety management committee, etc.).
- CS-05-03-02Understand criminal and civil liability related to medical errors and administrative penalties under the Medical Practitioners’ Act (July 30, 1948).
CS-05-04Infection control
- CS-05-04-01Understand the role and significance of systems related to healthcare-associated infections (hospital infection control committee, nosocomial infection surveillance, infection control team, infection control manual, etc.), and participate in those systems.
- CS-05-04-02Explain the need for and practice standard precautions.
- CS-05-04-03Respond appropriately when encountering a needlestick accident or exposure to bodily fluids.
CS-05-05Consideration and promotion of patient safety
- CS-05-05-01Practice basic precautions (patient identification, double-checking, checklist method, alerting patients to drugs with similar names, fail-safe/fail-proof concepts, etc.).
- CS-05-05-02Share information on patient safety (adverse drug reactions, drug-related accidents, medical errors, what not to do, good practice, etc.) and analyze the information for post-procedural use.
CS-05-06Patient safety practices
- CS-05-06-01Understand and act on the importance of patient safety management for individuals and organizations.
- CS-05-06-02Understand the importance of medical records, and document and handle them appropriately.
- CS-05-06-03Respond to inquiries with sincerity.
- CS-05-06-04Respond to, record, and report medical incidents[1] when they occur.
CMCommunication
Practice safe and high-quality medical care by building good relationships with patients and other people involved in their care, taking patients’ own circumstances into account, and supporting them in their decision-making.
CM-01Language, attitude, personal appearance, and consideration when dealing with patients
Establish good relationships with patients through appropriate communication skills, including nonverbal communication, taking into consideration patient privacy, suffering, etc.
CM-01-01Appropriate communication skills with patients and their family members
- CM-01-01-01Demonstrate verbal communication skills to build good relationships.
- CM-01-01-02Demonstrate awareness of nonverbal communication (professional appearance, eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, etc.).
- CM-01-01-03Be respectful with language and in attitude when interacting with patients and family members.
- CM-01-01-04Communicate with awareness of the psychological factors (positive and negative emotions, etc.) involved in interpersonal relationships.
- CM-01-01-05Listen to patients and their family members, and state facts and express opinions in a way that they can understand.
CM-01-02Respect for the patient’s situation and consideration of their suffering
- CM-01-02-01Show full consideration of the mental, physical, and social distress and suffering that patients and their family members are experiencing.
- CM-01-02-02Listen closely to patients and their family members, and understand and show empathy toward their feelings, such as anger, sadness, and anxiety.
CM-02Gathering information and providing clear explanations to support patient decision-making
Support patients in making the best decisions regarding their own treatment and management, taking into consideration the diversity among patients and their families, and explaining necessary information in an easy-to-understand manner.
CM-02-01Explaining to the patient in simple language
- CM-02-01-01Communicate with consideration for the diversity of patients and their family members (elderly, children, disabled, LGBTQ, nationality, race, and cultural, linguistic, and customary differences, etc.).
- CM-02-01-02Explain concepts in simple terms, using as little jargon as possible to help patients to understand more easily.
CM-02-02Encouraging patients to change their behavior
- CM-02-02-01Share information and opinions with patients and their family members, and support decision-making based on understanding and consent.
CM-02-03Supporting patient decision-making
- CM-02-03-01Understand issues that hinder patients’ self-decision-making.
- CM-02-03-02Respect the patient’s experience and listen to them attentively so that they can make their beliefs and values clear.
- CM-02-03-03Explain the best available evidence in an easy-to-understand manner, using as little jargon as possible to support patient decision-making.
- CM-02-03-04Plan a treatment plan based on goals consistent with the patient’s values.
CM-03Understanding and taking into consideration the needs of patients and their families
Have a broad perspective on the psychological and social backgrounds of patients and their families, and respond to patients’ difficulties and provide necessary information.
CM-03-01Identification of patient and family issues and acquisition of necessary information
- CM-03-01-01Assess the patient’s psychological and social background and their needs for independent living.
- CM-03-01-02Identify and organize issues and problems that the patient may have.
- CM-03-01-03Gather necessary information from the patient’s proxy, representative, or guardian when no information can be obtained from the patient.
CM-03-02Consideration of the psychological and social backgrounds of patients and their families
- CM-03-02-01Communicate with the patient from the viewpoint of family and community.
- CM-03-02-02Participate in medical treatment that takes into account psychological and social backgrounds.
- CM-03-02-03Understand the uncertainties inherent in medicine, and demonstrate the appropriate actions and attitude.
IPInterprofessional Collaboration
Understand the roles of all people involved with patients and their families, including medical care, health care, welfare, and nursing care professionals, and build collaborative working relationships with them, collectively sharing and cooperating on issues that affect patients, their families, and local communities.
IP-01Foundation for collaboration
Communicate stakeholders’ roles, knowledge, opinions, and values with consideration for different individual backgrounds as part of the process of setting common goals with those cooperating in important issues for patients, families, and the community.
IP-01-01Patient-centered health and welfare
- IP-01-01-01Share information related to patients and families with students of other disciplines and medical faculties.
IP-01-02Interprofessional communication
- IP-01-02-01Explain, respond, and ask questions with respect for the roles and opinions of students of other disciplines and medical faculties.
IP-01-03Referral and consultation between physicians
- IP-01-03-01Refer and consult with appropriate facilities, specialties, and physicians for appropriate diagnosis, testing, and treatment.
- IP-01-03-02Share ideas and expectations among physicians to ensure continuity of patient care and physician accountability.
IP-02Collaborative practice
Make use of each stakeholder’s knowledge and skills to enable them to fully perform their particular professional role, building relationships of mutual trust based on each other’s individual roles, thoughts, actions, feelings, and values, and responding appropriately to the conflicts that sometimes arise between different disciplines and professions.
IP-02-01Professional roles
- IP-02-01-01Communicate one’s knowledge and values to students of other disciplines and medical faculties.
- IP-02-01-02Fulfill one’s own role among students of other disciplines and medical faculties.
IP-02-02Relationship management
- IP-02-02-01Learn and develop together with students of other disciplines and medical faculties.
- IP-02-02-02Understand concepts related to interpersonal relationships and interpersonal behavior.
IP-02-03Reflection on one’s own profession
- IP-02-03-01Explain the role of the physician to students of other disciplines and medical faculties.
- IP-02-03-02Relate one’s own values, words, and actions to those of students of other disciplines and medical faculties.
IP-02-04Understanding of other professions
- IP-02-04-01Understand the roles of other professions according to their work environment (hospital, clinic, care facility, etc.) or other affiliations (team, department, etc.).
SOMedicine in Society
Recognize that medicine plays a key societal role in promoting health, and strive to provide equitable medical care, maintaining an economic, regional, and international perspective to improve public health.
SO-01Social security
Understand the social security system that protects the constitutional “right to life,” what public health is, community health, occupational health, and health risk management. Learn the significance and usage of health statistics.
SO-01-01Public health
- SO-01-01-01Understand the concept of public health.
- SO-01-01-02Understand the concept of cohesive and connected society.
- SO-01-01-03Understand the stages of prevention and their strategies.
- SO-01-01-04Contribute to public health activities (health checkups, health promotion events, etc.) and understand their significance.
SO-01-02Social insurance, public assistance, and social welfare
- SO-01-02-01Understand the significance and overview of basic human rights related to health (e.g., the right to life) and social security (social insurance, social welfare, and public assistance.)
- SO-01-02-02Discuss ideas for improving social insurance, including pension, long-term care, and medical insurance as universal health coverage, understanding their structures and problems.
- SO-01-02-03Understand an overview of welfare for people with disabilities, including relevant laws such as the Act on Providing Comprehensive Support for the Daily Life and Life in Society of Persons with Disabilities (June 27, 2012).
SO-01-03Community health
- SO-01-03-01Understand the roles of public health centers, community and municipal health centers, and regional institutes for hygienic and environmental sciences.
- SO-01-03-02Understand the significance and outline of health promotion measures such as the Health Promotion Act (August 2, 2002) and promotion of good nutrition, physical activity, rest, etc.
- SO-01-03-03Understand fundamental systems and laws related to community health.
- SO-01-03-04Understand the significance of mental health and welfare for people with mental disabilities, and related systems and laws.
- SO-01-03-05Understand the significance and outline of maternal and child health measures, including relevant laws such as the Basic Law for Child and Maternal Health and Child Development (December 14, 2018), Maternal and Child Health Law (August 18, 1965), Maternal Health Act (July 13, 1948), Child Welfare Act (December 12, 1947), and Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (May 24, 2000).
- SO-01-03-06Understand the significance and outline of school health, including the School Health and Safety Act (May 10, 1958), the role of school physicians, and infectious disease in schools.
SO-01-04Occupational and environmental health
- SO-01-04-01Understand the basic concept of occupational health, including its significance and the three pillars of management (working environment management, work practice management, and health management).
- SO-01-04-02Understand fundamental systems and laws related to occupational and environmental health.
- SO-01-04-03Understand occupational accidents and occupational diseases and their countermeasures.
- SO-01-04-04Understand industrial poisoning caused by hazardous substances and its countermeasures.
SO-01-05Health crisis management
- SO-01-05-01Understand the concept and types of health crises and how to respond to them (including risk communication).
- SO-01-05-02Understand fundamental systems and laws related to health crisis management (contingencies for emergencies such as infectious diseases, radiation accidents, and disasters).
- SO-01-05-03Understand the significance of disaster health care, including disaster base hospitals and various activity teams.
SO-02Epidemiology and medical statistics
Learn the concept and significance of epidemiology as a research method for human populations, and major research designs. Understand the basic concepts of statistical methods in medicine and biology.
SO-02-01Health statistics
- SO-02-01-01Understand major demographic statistics (static and dynamic populations) and classifications and statistics of diseases and disabilities (such as the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems [ICD]).
- SO-02-01-02Explain average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
SO-02-02Epidemiology
- SO-02-02-01Understand the roles of epidemiology from public health and clinical perspectives.
- SO-02-02-02Understand the difference between proportions, ratios, and rates and typical epidemiological indicators (e.g., prevalence, risk ratios, incidence rates).
- SO-02-02-03Give examples of major biases and confounding.
- SO-02-02-04Explain the difference between direct and indirect methods in age-adjustment.
- SO-02-02-05Understand the main epidemiologic study designs: observational (descriptive, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort) and interventional (randomized controlled trials, etc.).
- SO-02-02-06Understand epidemiologic approaches specific to acute infectious diseases.
- SO-02-02-07Support stakeholders in making decisions that have an impact on the population while taking into account the limitations of the evidence.
SO-02-03Data analysis and statistical methods
- SO-02-03-01Describe scales (interval, ratio, ordinal, nominal).
- SO-02-03-02Explain the distribution of data (including missing values).
- SO-02-03-03Explain confidence intervals for the population mean of a normal distribution.
- SO-02-03-04Perform correlation analysis, statistical tests (mean, proportion), etc.
- SO-02-03-05Understand the significance of multivariate analysis.
SO-03Forensic medicine
Understand the determination of death, diagnosis of death, and autopsy.
SO-03-01Death and the law
- SO-03-01-01Understand vegetative state, brain death, cardiac death, and determination of brain death.
- SO-03-01-02Understand how to handle unusual deaths and coroner’s inquests.
- SO-03-01-03Prepare death certificates or certificates of postmortem examination.
- SO-03-01-04Understand forensic identification methods.
- SO-03-01-05Understand pathological autopsy and forensic autopsy (judicial autopsy, administrative autopsy, death investigation and identification autopsy, and autopsy with consent.)
SO-04Medical care from the viewpoint of social structure and change
Appropriately understand the social issues behind the health problems faced by patients and proactively work to solve them.
SO-04-01Health and medical care
- SO-04-01-01Support people to extend their healthy life expectancy.
- SO-04-01-02Act with an understanding of concepts related to disability and social environments, such as barrier-free access.
SO-04-02Gender and medical care
- SO-04-02-01Work proactively to eliminate gender inequality, such as discrimination against women and the LGBTQ community.
SO-04-03Climate change and medical care
- SO-04-03-01Understand the relationship between climate change and health care, and envisage how health issues facing patients could be associated with climate change.
- SO-04-03-02Understand the role of physicians when natural disasters occur, including the spread of emerging infectious diseases.
SO-04-04Philosophy, ethics, and medical care
- SO-04-04-01Understand an overview of the concepts and terminology in contemporary thought and philosophy.
SO-04-05History and medicine/medical care
- SO-04-05-01Relativize contemporary medical issues, reflecting on the historical evolution and transition of medicine and medical practice.
SO-04-06Health economics
- SO-04-06-01Understand the influence of economics on medical practice.
SO-04-07Social justice
- SO-04-07-01Describe one’s opinion, considering what equity is in distributing health care resources.
SO-05Medicine from national and international perspectives
Understand an overview of the roles of medicine and medical care systems both in Japan and globally.
SO-05-01Role of the medical professions and medical care system in Japan
- SO-05-01-01Understand the professional rights and duties of physicians as defined by the Medical Practitioners’ Act (July 30, 1948).
- SO-05-01-02Explain the laws and systems governing the medical profession.
- SO-05-01-03Understand the types and functions of medical institutions defined by the Medical Care Act (July 30, 1948).
- SO-05-01-04Understand an overview of medical care plans (as defined by the Medical Care Act).
- SO-05-01-05Understand an overview of how problems in regional medical care delivery are related to each other.
- SO-05-01-06Express one’s own opinions about the medical care delivery system and the way physicians work.
SO-05-02Roles of global health and medical care systems
- SO-05-02-01Understand an overview of medical and health issues in global health, including their historical and social contexts.
- SO-05-02-02Understand the significance of universal health coverage, and give examples of problems faced by health care systems around the world.
- SO-05-02-03Understand an overview of health-related United Nations development goals and international organizations and groups involved in international collaboration in global health.
SO-06Medical care from a social sciences perspective
Understand people’s health perceptions, words, actions, and relationships that are formed in medical, cultural, and social contexts, and apply them to clinical practice from the perspectives, theories, and methods of the social sciences (mainly medical anthropology and medical sociology).
SO-06-01Relationship between social sciences and medicine
- SO-06-01-01Explore the ways patients perceive health, illness, and death in various situations, including in their daily lives and in healthcare settings such as outpatient/inpatient care, home care, and nursing care.
- SO-06-01-02Understand and explain the structure of phenomena related to medical practice with respect to historical trends, social circumstances, and relevant systems.
- SO-06-01-03Understand the influence of culture and customs on individuals and groups (e.g., methods of communication).