| Structure and function | Body fluid volume, composition, and osmotic pressure (including differences between children and adults) | - Associate with class
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| Structure and function | Location and morphology of the renal and urinary tract system, and vascular distribution and innervation | - Associate with class
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| Structure and function | Overall picture of renal function, and structure and function of each part of the nephron | - Associate with class
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| Structure and function | Mechanisms of filtration in renal glomeruli | - Associate with class
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| Structure and function | Mechanisms of reabsorption and secretion in each renal tubule, and concentrating capacity of urine | - Associate with class
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| Structure and function | Regulatory mechanisms of water, electrolytes, and acid-base equilibrium | - Associate with class
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| Structure and function | Actions of hormones produced in or acting on the kidneys, and vasoactive substances (erythropoietin, Vitamin D, renin, angiotensin Ⅱ, and aldosterone) | - Associate with class
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| Structure and function | Mechanisms of urinary voiding and storage | - Associate with class
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| Symptoms | Edema | - Associate with class
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| Symptoms | Hematuria | - Associate with class
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| Symptoms | Proteinuria | - Associate with class
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| Symptoms | Abnormal urine output/urination | - Associate with class
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| Symptoms | Dehydration | - Associate with class
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| Symptoms | Classification of clinical symptoms (acute nephritic syndrome, chronic nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and repetitive or persistent hematuria syndrome) | - Associate with class
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| Methods of examination | Renal function test including glomerular filtration rate (actual and estimated) | - Associate with class
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| Methods of examination | Diagnostic imaging of the renal and urinary system (X-ray, urography, CT, and MRI) | - Associate with class
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| Methods of examination | Indications and contraindications of renal biopsy | - Associate with class
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| Methods of examination | Urodynamic study | - Associate with class
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| Specific therapies | Renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation) | - Associate with class
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